Physical Science

Physical science involves the study of the inorganic world. That is, it does not study living things. Physical science is for upper primary/lower secondary level school students. There are 20 modules and 118 lesson topics.

Module 1: Introduction to The Atom

What is an Atom

Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all matter, which means that everything around us—solids, liquids, gases, even the stars—is made of atoms.

They are incredibly tiny and made up of three main particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons

Early Ideas About Matter

Democritus (460–370 BC) believed that matter is made of small, solid objects called atomos, from which the English word atom is derived.

Democritus Atomic Theory

Atoms are small solid objects that cannot be divided, created, or destroyed.
Atom are constantly moving in empty space.
Different types of matter are made of different types of atoms.
The properties of the atoms determined the properties of matter

The Modern Atomic Model

In the modern atomic model, electrons form an electron cloud.

An electron cloud is an area around an atomic nucleus where an electron is most likely to be.

Clouds indicates where electrons are likely to be found

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Primary Components of an Atom

PROTONS

Protons

Location: Inside the nucleus, at the center of the atom. Charge: Positive (+). Mass: Relatively heavy compared to electrons (about 1 atomic mass unit, or amu).

NEUTRONS

Neutrons

Location: Also in the nucleus alongside protons. Charge: Neutral (no charge). Mass: Nearly the same as protons (about 1 amu).

ELECTRONS

Electrons

Location: In orbitals or "shells" around the nucleus, at various distances. Charge: Negative (-). Mass: Very small (about 1/1836 of a proton’s mass, so it’s often considered negligible).

How Did the Atomic Theory Begin? The Origins of an Idea

Discover the origins of atomic theory! Explore how early thinkers like Democritus laid the groundwork and how later scientists built on their ideas to unlock the mysteries of matter

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